Bringing Walt Disney Back to Life: The Making of 'Saving Mr. Banks'

The filmmakers feared the studio might kill the project, about the real story behind the making of "Mary Poppins." Instead, Tom Hanks, Emma Thompson and director John Lee Hancock were given the keys to the Magic Kingdom.

This story first appeared in the Dec. 20 issue of The Hollywood Reporter magazine.
It was one of those purely serendipitous moments. British producer Alison Owen happened to be relaxing at Italy’s Ischia Film Festival in summer 2011 when she struck up a conversation with the woman in the neighboring deck chair: Corky Hale, a jazz musician and the wife of songwriter Mike Stoller. Asked what she was working on, Owen, now 52, whose credits include 2008’s The Other Boleyn Girl and 2011’s Jane Eyre, began talking aboutSaving Mr. Banks, a script about Walt Disney’s efforts to convince recalcitrant author P.LTravers to allow him to make a movie based on her books about the quintessential governess, Mary Poppins.
The project originated with Australian producer Ian Collie, who was fascinated by the fact that, despite her proper British image, Travers was born in Australia. He had produced a 2002 TV documentary titled The Shadow of Mary Poppins and commissioned Sue Smith to write a screenplay, which he brought to Owen in hope of setting up a U. K. -Australia co- production. “The good news is that I could see there was a great story there waiting to get out, but the bad news was that telling the story was problematic because of the amount of intellectual property rights involved,” says Owen. After all, if Walt Disney Studios turned the project down, there would be no way to take it to another company.
In retrospect, the producer needn’t have worried. Disney ultimately would embrace Saving Mr. Banks, which opens in limited release Dec. 13 before going wide a week later. John Lee Hancock, 56, seeking a follow-up to his 2009 breakout hit The Blind Side, came aboard to direct the $35 million film. Disney CEO Robert Iger himself called Tom Hanks, 57, to urge him to play Walt — and even toyed with having the actor impersonate the company’s founder at a board meeting, though that stunt never came to pass. And Emma Thompson, 54, for her starchy portrayal of Travers — who initially demands that any movie made from her books should have no songs, no animation and no use of the color red — already is being touted for a best actress Oscar nomination.
But, as Owen explained to Hale while they enjoyed the Italian sun, when she decided to take on the project, it was a decided gamble. Using her own money along with funds from BBC Films, she hired fellow Brit Kelly Marcel, 39 — then a TV writer, though since hired to write the screen adaptation ofFifty Shades of Grey — to rework Smith’s screenplay, which took a biographical approach to Travers’ life story. Marcel opted to focus on the author’s two-week visit to Los Angeles in 1961, during which Disney poured on the charm, intercutting that encounter with scenes from Travers’ Aussie child- hood that centered on her love for her father, a charming but alcoholic bank clerk. “Luckily for us, Kelly knocked it out of the park on her first draft,” says Owen. But, as she told Hale, she was nervous about taking it to Disney. If only, mused Owen, she could get the blessing of the Sherman brothers — Richard and Robert, who wrote the enduring tunes for the 1964 film Mary Poppins — so she could have them as allies.
At that, Hale stopped her. “But I know Richard,” she said. “We’re neighbors. ” She offered to deliver the script to him, and he became a big supporter of the project. (His brother died March 6, 2012, before filming began.) When Marcel, Owen and Hancock finally met Richard, says the screenwriter, “it was very emotional. He was crying. He really had had a hard time with Travers — she made things very painful for him and Bob. But he said having read the script, he could sort of finally let it go. He was so sad that he hadn’t known that she’d had that childhood. He felt if only he’d known, he could have helped her.” Sherman wasn’t the only one who sparked quickly to Marcel’s screenplay. It made the 2011 Black List of top unproduced scripts. Bob Bookman (then at CAA, now at Paradigm) served as “the godfather of the project,” says Owen, and as soon as he read it, Disney president of production Sean Bailey talked it up among his fellow executives. Studio chairman Alan Horn also secured the blessing of Diane DisneyMiller, Walt’s sole surviving child, who met with him and Hanks before the project got underway. (Disney’s daughter died in November at age 79.)
Hancock, though, admits that when he first heard of the project, “I wasn’t sure it would be my cup of tea — pardon the pun.” While a reading of the script quickly converted him, he also feared the Disney brass might become too involved. “I like those guys — Sean, Alan Horn, Bob Iger — a lot,” says Hancock. “And I thought the script was a fair por- trayal of Walt as a mogul but also as an artist and a human being. But I still had concerns that it could be whittled away. I don’t think this script could have been developed within the walls of Disney — it had to be developed outside. But Sean said: ‘We think it’s a fair portrayal of Walt. We really like the script.’ I’m not going to say there weren’t discus- sions, but the movie we ended up with is the one that was on the page.”
In fact, Disney threw its archives open to the filmmakers, who discov- ered a wealth of material about the making of Mary Poppins, including 39 hours of audiotapes that Travers insisted be recorded to document her meetings with Richard and Robert Sherman (played in the new film by JasonSchwartzman and B.JNovak, respectively) and screenwriter Don DaGradi (Bradley Whitford). Says Owen, “We were suddenly like kids in a candy store.”
Production designer Michael Corenblith worked from more than 500 photos of Walt’s office as well as a display of his office furniture shown recently in a special exhibit at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. “Walt was such a smart marketer and such a media-savvy guy,” he says. “Next to the Oval Office, his office was the most iconic office in America” thanks to the introductions Disney filmed for his various weekly TV series, beginning in 1954 on ABC.
After immersing in all the Disney memorabilia they could absorb, the actors found their way into the characters. Hanks says his key to playing Disney was the fact that “there are a lot of places where he sort of is playing Walt Disney himself. He’s charming everybody, performing the way people want him to be. But there are more naked elements when he’s talking about his past — there was true reflection there. I listened to some long interviews where he talks about his past, about growing up and the struggles of getting the studio started, and I think he might have paid more attention to the things that went wrong than the things that went right. ”
As for Thompson, she was intrigued by the standoff between Travers and Disney, “two people who are used to getting their own way. She has much less actual power and yet huge personal power, enough to stand there in a good pair of shoes and say no. ”
Only when Disney finally persuades Travers to accompany him to Disneyland does the author’s frosty demeanor begin to thaw. To shoot those scenes, the filmmakers traveled to the Anaheim amusement park for two days. Travers’ arrival at the Disneyland gate was shot beginning at 6:30 a.m., with 650 extras looking on as Hanks- as-Disney took his position at the front of the park to greet her.
Thompson could only marvel at the scene: “Tom is pretty much as well-known as Walt Disney was. The response of the crowd to Tom was very similar, I would imagine, to the response of the crowd to Walt Disney. There is something equally iconic. ” Owen, as she watched her gamble pay off, agreed: “To get somebody to play an American icon like Walt, we needed somebody who was pretty iconic themselves — and it’s hard to think of anybody who is better at that than Tom Hanks. ”

Joan Fontaine, Oscar-winner for 'Suspicion,' dies at age 96

Joan Fontaine, 24

The Hollywood Reporter

It was Hitchcock, with his penchant for "cool blondes," who brought Fontaine to the forefront when he cast her as the second Mrs. de Winter in Rebecca (1940), the director's American debut. Her performance as the new wife of Laurence Olivier in a household haunted by the death of his first wife earned her an Academy Award nomination for best actress.

The Hollywood Reporter awards analystScott Feinberg spoke with Fontaine's assistant, Susan Pfeiffer, who confirmed the actress' death of natural causes Sunday at her home in Carmel, Calif.

Fontaine earned a third best actress Oscar nomination for her role in The Constant Nymph (1943). She also was notable asCharlotte Bronte's eponymous heroine in Jane Eyre (1944) opposite Orson Welles; in the romantic thriller September Affair (1950) with Joseph Cotten; in Ivanhoe (1952) withRobert Taylor; and in Island in the Sun (1957), where she plays a high-society woman in love with an up-and-coming politician (Harry Belafonte).

A year later, Hitchcock placed her opposite Cary Grant inSuspicion, and she won the Oscar for her turn as Lina McLaidlaw Aysgarth, a shy English woman who begins to suspect her charming new husband of trying to kill her. She thus became the only actor to win an Oscar in a Hitchcock film.

Among those Fontaine beat out at the 1942 Academy Awards was her older sister, de Havilland, up forHold Back the Dawn (1941). Biographer Charles Higham wrote that as Fontaine came forward to accept her trophy, she rejected de Havilland's attempt to congratulate her and that de Havilland was offended. (There may have been another similar incident after de Havilland won her first Oscar for To Each His Own in 1947.) The sisters, who never really got along since childhood, finally stopped speaking to each other in the mid-'70s.
De Havilland, a two-time Oscar winner, is 97 and living in Paris.
Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland was born in Tokyo on Oct. 22, 1917, to British parents. Her father was a patent attorney who had a thriving practice in Japan. Due to the ill health of both her and Olivia, their mother, Lilian, moved them to California and pushed them into acting.
While de Havilland pursued acting, Fontaine returned to Tokyo and attended the American School. Ultimately, their parents divorced and Fontaine returned to the U.S. at age 17 to live in San Jose, Calif. As de Havilland was already having some success as an actress, Fontaine joined a local theater group and moved to L.A.
She received a screen test at MGM and was given a bit part in No More Ladies (1935), credited as Joan Burfield. After changing her last name to Fontaine (from her stepfather, George Fontaine) to avoid confusion with her sister, she signed with RKO and garnered small parts in several movies, includingThe Women and Gunga Din, both released in 1939.
Capitalizing on her emotional turns in Rebecca and Suspicion, Fontaine appeared in several romantic films in the '40s, including Constant Nymph (where she falls for composer Charles Boyer),Frenchman's Creek (1944), The Affairs of Susan (1945), From This Day Forward (1945) and Ivy(1947).
Fontaine moved into more mature roles in the movies and starred on Broadway opposite Anthony Perkins in Tea and Sympathy in 1954. Her last movie appearance was in The Witches (1966).
Fontaine made regular TV appearances in the late '50s and early '60s and served as a panelist on the game show To Tell the Truth from 1962-65. In 1986, she co-starred in the TV movie Dark Mansionsand the miniseries Crossings. Her last credited performance came in the 1994 telefilm Good King Wenceslas.
Fontaine was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1980 for her guest-starring stint in the soap operaRyan's Hope and served as jury president at the 1982 Berlin International Film Festival.
In 1978, she published her autobiography, No Bed of Roses, which detailed her feud with de Havilland.
Off the screen, Fontaine was a licensed pilot, an accomplished interior decorator and a Cordon Bleu-level chef who was married and divorced four times. In the '40s, she and William Dozier, the second of her four husbands, formed Rampart Productions, which oversaw her 1948 film Letter From an Unknown WomanBilly Wilder's The Emperor Waltz (1948) starring Bing Crosby and Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (1948) with Burt Lancaster.
In 1939, Fontaine married British actor Brian Aherne, and they divorced in 1945. She was married to Batman TV show producer Dozier from 1946-51, to producer Collier Young from 1952-61 and to journalist Alfred Wright Jr. from 1964-69.
Duane Byrge contributed to this report.

Peter O'Toole Dead at 81

By GREGORY KATZ Associated Press
Peter O'Toole, the charismatic actor who achieved instant stardom as Lawrence of Arabia and was nominated eight times for an Academy Award, has died, his agent said Sunday. He was 81.

O'Toole died Saturday after a long illness, Steve Kenis said in a brief statement.

The family was overwhelmed "by the outpouring of real love and affection being expressed towards him, and to us, during this unhappy time. ... In due course there will be a memorial filled with song and good cheer, as he would have wished," O'Toole's daughter Kate said in the statement.

O'Toole got his first Oscar nomination for 1962's "Lawrence of Arabia," his last for "Venus" in 2006. With that he set the record for most nominations without ever winning, though he had accepted an honorary Oscar in 2003.

A reformed — but unrepentant — hell-raiser, O'Toole long suffered from ill health. Always thin, he had grown wraithlike in later years, his famously handsome face eroded by years of hard drinking.
But nothing diminished his flamboyant manner and candor.

"If you can't do something willingly and joyfully, then don't do it," he once said. "If you give up drinking, don't go moaning about it; go back on the bottle. Do. As. Thou. Wilt."

O'Toole began his acting career as one of the most exciting young talents on the British stage. His 1955 "Hamlet," at the Bristol Old Vic, was critically acclaimed.

International stardom came in David Lean's "Lawrence of Arabia." With only a few minor movie roles behind him, O'Toole was unknown to most moviegoers when they first saw him as T.E. 

Lawrence, the mythic British World War I soldier and scholar who led an Arab rebellion against the Turks.

His sensitive portrayal of Lawrence's complex character garnered O'Toole his first Oscar nomination.
O'Toole was tall, fair and strikingly handsome, and the image of his bright blue eyes peering out of an Arab headdress in Lean's spectacularly photographed desert epic was unforgettable.

Playwright Noel Coward once said that if O'Toole had been any prettier, they would have had to call the movie "Florence of Arabia."

In 1964's "Becket," O'Toole played King Henry II to Richard Burton's Thomas Becket, and won another Oscar nomination. Burton shared O'Toole's fondness for drinking, and their offset carousing made headlines.

O'Toole played Henry again in 1968 in "The Lion in Winter," opposite Katharine Hepburn, for his third Oscar nomination.

Four more nominations followed: in 1968 for "Goodbye, Mr. Chips," in 1971 for "The Ruling Class," in 1980 for "The Stunt Man," and in 1982 for "My Favorite Year." It was almost a quarter-century before he received his eighth and last, for "Venus."

Seamus Peter O'Toole was born Aug. 2, 1932, the son of Irish bookie Patrick "Spats" O'Toole and his wife Constance. There is some question about whether Peter was born in Connemara, Ireland, or in Leeds, northern England, where he grew up.

After a teenage foray into journalism at the Yorkshire Evening Post and national military service with the navy, young O'Toole auditioned for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and won a scholarship.
He went from there to the Bristol Old Vic and soon was on his way to stardom, helped along by an early success in 1959 at London's Royal Court Theatre in "The Long and The Short and The Tall."
The image of the renegade hell-raiser stayed with O'Toole for decades, although he gave up drinking in 1975 following serious health problems and major surgery.

He did not, however, give up smoking unfiltered Gauloises cigarettes in an ebony holder. That and his penchant for green socks, voluminous overcoats and trailing scarves lent him a rakish air and suited his fondness for drama in the old-fashioned "bravura" manner.

A month before his 80th birthday in 2012, O'Toole announced his retirement from a career that he said had fulfilled him emotionally and financially, bringing "me together with fine people, good companions with whom I've shared the inevitable lot of all actors: flops and hits."

"However, it's my belief that one should decide for oneself when it is time to end one's stay," he said. "So I bid the profession a dry-eyed and profoundly grateful farewell."

In retirement, O'Toole said he would focus on the third volume of his memoirs.

Good parts were sometimes few and far between, but "I take whatever good part comes along," O'Toole told The Independent on Sunday newspaper in 1990.

"And if there isn't a good part, then I do anything, just to pay the rent. Money is always a pressure. And waiting for the right part — you could wait forever. So I turn up and do the best I can."

The 1980 "Macbeth" in which he starred was a critical disaster of heroic proportions. But it played to sellout audiences, largely because the savaging by the critics brought out the curiosity seekers.

"The thought of it makes my nose bleed," he said years later.

In 1989, however, O'Toole had a big stage success with "Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell," a comedy about his old drinking buddy, the legendary layabout and ladies' man who wrote The Spectator magazine's weekly "Low Life" column when he was sober enough to do so.

The honorary Oscar came 20 years after his seventh nomination for "My Favorite Year." By then it seemed a safe bet that O'Toole's prospects for another nomination were slim. He was still working regularly, but in smaller roles unlikely to earn awards attention.

O'Toole graciously accepted the honorary award, quipping, "Always a bridesmaid, never a bride, my foot," as he clutched his Oscar statuette.

He had nearly turned down the award, sending a letter asking that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences hold off on the honorary Oscar until he turned 80.

Hoping another Oscar-worthy role would come his way, O'Toole wrote: "I am still in the game and might win the bugger outright."

The last chance came in, for "Venus," in which he played a lecherous old actor consigned to roles as feeble-minded royals or aged men on their death beds. By failing again to win, he broke the tie for futility which had been shared with his old drinking buddy, Richard Burton.

O'Toole divorced Welsh actress Sian Phillips in 1979 after 19 years of marriage. The couple had two daughters, Kate and Pat.

A brief relationship with American model Karen Somerville led to the birth of his son Lorcan in 1983, and a change of lifestyle for O'Toole.

After a long custody battle, a U.S. judge ruled Somerville should have her son during school vacations, and O'Toole would have custody during the school year.

"The pirate ship has berthed," he declared, happily taking on the responsibilities of fatherhood. He learned to coach schoolboy cricket and, when he was in a play, the curtain time was moved back to allow him part of the evenings at home with his son.
——
AP writer Raphael Satter contributed to this report.

 

ADAM CAROLLA SAYS PATRIOTISM 'CORNY' IN HOLLYWOOD

by CHRISTIAN TOTO

Adam Carolla says living in Hollywood means displaying the American flag leaves one open to ridicule.

The California resident recently moved out of Hollywood and near the home of actor Vince Vaughn. The Wedding Crashers star proudly flies an American flag on his property, something that would cause him grief had he called Hollywood home.
“I just moved from a place where if you hung an American flag in front of your house they’d make fun of you for being corny," Carolla tells Breitbart News. “I hate that it’s come to that.”
Carolla supports both the flag and the troops who defend it, and this weekend he’ll emcee a show to thank the men and women of the U.S. Military for all they do on the country‘s behalf.
One Night for the Love of Our Country, an event to benefit the SEAL - Naval Special Warfare Family Foundation and the Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, will be held at 5 p.m. at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Sunday Dec. 15 in Simi Valley, CA.
Carolla will crack wise while Kevin Costner’s Modern West band provides the music to both a seven-course meal and silent auction.
The SEAL - NSW Family Foundation raises awareness and funds for special programs in direct support of the Naval Special Warfare (NSW) families on a local, national and global scale.
The podcast king says supporting members of the military is something stars on both sides of the ideological aisle--for the most part--can embrace.
“I do like the idea that most people gather around the troops and put their political leanings aside," he says. “These guys are heroes."
Of course, not every star is willing to salute the troops. Carolla name checks both Ed Asner and Oliver Stone as celebrities who say they love their country but can’t stop cooking up “wacko" conspiracy theories to slam it.
“There’s a definite distinction between the people who are left-leaning and right-leaning, and then there’s the people who don’t like this country and use all these excuses like, ‘I just want people to know the truth,’” he says. “It’s like the people who say to your wife, 'I thought you should know Adam was at a strip club last night.’”
Carolla is one of the few comics who held President Barack Obama to the same comedy standard as his predecessors. He’s not surprised that some of his peers, like Will Ferrell, refuse to mock Obama for his various, sizable missteps like Benghazi or the disastrous ObamaCare rollout. Carolla says stars have become like attorneys for the current administration, willing to argue on behalf of their “client" rather than address the facts.
“A lot of people in the Hollywood community, because they fought so hard for Obama [to get elected], feel they’re assigned to defend him,” he says. “It’s a form of narcissism.”
The coming year could be dubbed the Year of Carolla given the crush of projects coming from Carolla Digital's CEO. The comedian’s second major film, Road Hard, will hit theaters in 2014. Other 2014 projects include a documentary detailing Paul Newman’s racing career and a book dubbed President Me.
“It’s just a 'making hay while the sun shines' mentality,” he says, an aggressive approach he takes, in part, because he still doesn’t have a boss now that he runs his own podcast empire.
Carolla is as cavalier about his charitable efforts as he is concerning his career arc. He simply checks his calendar when a nonprofit reaches out to him for a hand. If he’s free that day he’ll share his time and sharp comic mind as needed.
“I never looked at it as work,” he says of his good deeds.
For more information about the fundraiser and to buy tickets for Sunday's event visit theofficial web site.

‘The Hobbit: Desolation Of Smaug’ Grosses $8.8M In Midnight Shows, Faces Different Marketplace This Year


By ANITA BUSCH

Warner Bros.’ The Hobbit: The Desolation Of Smaug generated $8.8 million from midnight screenings. The studio is calling it “the second biggest midnight numbers ever in December.” Last year, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey brought in about $13 million in a similar number of theaters at midnight.
Now, this reminds me of something I haven’t thought about in a long, long time but could use a mention: The studios are always looking for SOMEthing to tout … SOME way to use the box office to tout its numbers. When this first started years ago, we used to roll our eyes as we’d be told things like, “It’s the second biggest five-day opening for a May.” Everything can be spun, right? Such as, “the second biggest midnight in the South during an election year” or “it’s the highest box office three-day during a leap year.”
Though Hobbit: Desolation Of Smaug’s midnight numbers are not ones for the record books, the fact is it is still on track for a big opening this weekend (estimates are around $80 million today) in a crowded marketplace that is very different environment from last year, when theaters had Lincoln and the ending run of Twilight pulling in small numbers. This weekend Hobbit has two very strong contenders in the marketplace for box office dollars with the family filmFrozen and The Hunger Games: Catching Fire“We had a fan base that was drooling to see the film,” said Dan Fellman, president of domestic distribution for Warner Bros. “We’re off to a great start, the early matinees are great. I think the number of 3D screens (the increase) will help the upcharge of the film.” Of the pic’s $8.8 million midnight run, $1.2 million came from IMAX theaters.
On its opening day overseas Wednesday in select international territories,Smaug brought in $8.5 million for a gross that ended up 3% higher than last year’s The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.
For more estimates listed by title, see box office results here...
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Nelson Mandela dead at 95


By Tracy Connor, Staff Writer, NBC 
Nelson Mandela, the revered South African anti-apartheid icon who spent 27 years in prison, led his country to democracy and became its first black president, died Thursday at home. He was 95.

"He is now resting," said South African President Jacob Zuma. "He is now at peace."
"Our nation has lost his greatest son," he continued. "Our people have lost their father."
A state funeral will be held, and Zuma called for mourners to conduct themselves with "the dignity and respect" that Mandela personified.

Nelson Mandela, the revered South African anti-apartheid icon who spent 27 years in prison, led his country to democracy and became its first black president, died Thursday at home. He was 95.
"He is now resting," said South African President Jacob Zuma. "He is now at peace."

"Our nation has lost his greatest son," he continued. "Our people have lost their father."
A state funeral will be held, and Zuma called for mourners to conduct themselves with "the dignity and respect" that Mandela personified.
"Wherever we are in the country, wherever we are in the world, let us reaffirm his vision of a society… in which none is exploited, oppressed or dispossessed by another," he said as tributes began pouring in from across the world.
He inspired a generation of activists, left celebrities and world leaders star-struck, won the Nobel Peace Prize and raised millions for humanitarian causes.
Though he was in power for only five years, Mandela was a figure of enormous moral influence the world over – a symbol of revolution, resistance and triumph over racial segregation.
South Africa is still bedeviled by challenges, from class inequality to political corruption to AIDS. And with Mandela’s death, it has lost a beacon of optimism.
In his jailhouse memoirs, Mandela wrote that even after spending so many years in a Spartan cell on Robben Island – with one visitor a year and one letter every six months – he still had faith in human nature.
“No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion,” he wrote in “Long Walk to Freedom.”
“People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.” 
Mandela retired from public life in 2004 with the half-joking directive, “Don’t call me, I’ll call you,” and had largely stepped out of the spotlight, spending much of his time with family in his childhood village.
In his later years, Mandela was known to his countrymen simply as Madiba, the name of his tribe and a mark of great honor. But when he was born on July 18, 1918, he was named Rolihlahla, which translated roughly – and prophetically – to “troublemaker.”
His health had been fragile in recent years. He had spent almost three months in a hospital in Pretoria after being admitted in June for a recurring lung infection. He was released on Sept. 1.
Mandela was nine when his father died, and he was sent from his rural village to the provincial capital to be raised by a fellow chief. The first member of his family to get a formal education, he went to boarding school and then enrolled in South Africa’s elite Fort Hare University, where his activism unfurled with a student boycott.
As a young law scholar, he joined the resurgent African National Congress just a few years before the National Party – controlled by the Afrikaners, the descendants of Dutch and French settlers – came to power on a platform of apartheid, in which the government enforced racial segregation and stripped non-whites of economic and political power.
As an ANC leader, Mandela advocated peaceful resistance against government discrimination and oppression – until 1961, when he launched a military wing called Spear of the Nation and a campaign of sabotage.
The next year, he was arrested and soon hit with treason charges. At the opening of his trial in 1964, he said his adoption of armed struggle was a last resort born of bloody crackdowns by the government.
“Fifty years of non-violence had brought the African people nothing but more and more repressive legislation and fewer and few rights,” he said from the dock.

He was sentenced to life in prison and sent to Robben Island. As inmate No. 466/64, he slept on the floor of a six-foot-wide cell, did hard labor in a quarry, organized fellow prisoners – and earned a law degree by correspondence.
“I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
As the years past his incarceration drew ever more attention, with intensifying cries for his release as a global anti-apartheid movement gained traction. Songs were dedicated to him and 600 million people watched the Free Mandela concert at London’s Wembley Stadium in 1988.
In 1985, he turned down the government’s offer to free him if he renounced armed struggle against apartheid. It wasn’t until South African President P.W. Botha had a stroke and was replaced by F.W. de Klerk in 1989 that the stage was set for his release.
After a ban on the ANC was repealed, a whiter-haired Mandela walked out prison before a jubilant crowd and told a rally in Cape Town that the fight was far from over.
Philip Littleton / AFP - Getty Images, file
Springbok captain Francois Pienaar receives the Rugby World Cup from South African President Nelson Mandela at Ellis Park in Johannesburg on June 24, 1995.
“Our struggle has reached a decisive moment,” he said. “We have waited too long for our freedom. We can no longer wait.”
Over the next two years, Mandela proved himself a formidable negotiator as he pushed South Africa toward its first multiracial elections amid tension and violence. He and de Klerk were honored with the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts.
When the elections were held in April 1994, the ex-prisoner became the next president and embarked on a mission of racial reconciliation, government rebuilding and economic rehabilitation.
A year into his tenure, with racial tensions threatening to explode into civil war, Mandela orchestrated an iconic, unifying moment: He donned the green jersey of the Springboks rugby team – beloved by whites, despised by blacks – to present the World Cup trophy to the team captain while the stunned crowd erupted in cheers of “Nelson! Nelson!”
He chose to serve only one five-year term – during which he divorced his second wife, Winnie, a controversial activist, and married his third, Graca, the widow of the late president of Mozambique.
After leaving politics, he concentrated on his philanthropic foundation. He began speaking out on AIDS, which had ravaged his country and which some critics said he had not made a priority as president.
When he officially announced he was leaving public life in 2004, it signaled he was slowing down, but he still made his presence known. For his 89th birthday, he launched a “council of elders,” statesmen and women from around the world who would promote peace. For his 90th, he celebrated at a star-studded concert in London’s Hyde Park.
As he noted in 2003, “If there is anything that would kill me it is to wake up in the morning not knowing what to do.”
In April, de Klerk was asked on the BBC if he feared that Mandela’s eventual death would expose fissures in South Africa that his grandfatherly presence had kept knitted together.